Creep Life Forecasting of Weldment

One of the yet unresolved engineering problems is forecasting the creep lives of weldment in a pragmatic way with sufficient accuracy. There are number of obstacles to circumvent including: complex material behavior, lack of accurate knowledge about the creep material behavior specially about the heat affected zones (HAZ),accurate and multi-axial creep damage models, etc. In general, creep life forecasting may be categorized into two groups, viz., those that are based on microscopic modeling and others that are based on macroscopic (phemenological) concepts. Many different micro-structural processes may cause creep damage .The micro-structural processes highlight the fact that the creep damages can be due to cavity nucleation and growth. Dislocation creep is another mechanism with micro-structural features such as sub-grain formation and growth, new phase formation, such as the Z phase, coarsening leading to the dissolution of the MX phase. This leads to the removal of pinning precipitates, which allow local heterogeneous sub-grain growth, weakening due to this growth and also to the dissolution of the MX. These features normally lead to the earlier formation of tertiary creep and reduced life. Considering welded joints ,the development of models for practical yet sufficiently accurate creep life forecasting based on micro-structural modeling becomes even more complicated due to variation of material in the base, weld and heat-affected-zone (HAZ) and variation of the micro-structure within HAZ and their interactions. So far, and until this date, none of the micro-structural models can forecast the creep life of industrial components with sufficient accuracy in an economic manner. There are several macroscopic (phemenological) models for creep life forecasting, including: time-fraction rule, strain-fraction rule, the reference stress and skeletal stress method, continuum damage model, etc. Each of which has their own limitations .This paper gauges to a multi-axial yet pragmatic and simple model for creep life forecasting weldment operating at high temperature and subjected to an elastic-plastic-creep deformation.